Early Human Migration

"Central Asia is revealed to be an important reservoir of genetic diversity, and the source of at least three waves of migration, leading into Europe, the Americas and India." Modern humans migrated out of Africa into Central Asia before spreading both east and west into North America and Europe, says an international team of scientists who have used modern DNA analysis to trace ancient migrations. "Around 40-50,000 years ago, [approximately 2000 generations] Central Asia was full of tropical trees, a good place for hunting and fishing," said Nadira Yuldasheva of the Institute of Immunology at the Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. "Then, as desertification came in, some people moved west into Europe and some moved into Siberia, [India] and on into North [and South] America." Quote from Sciforums.com. Dr. Spencer Wells; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The Irish, Scottish, Welsh, and English have a close affinity to the people of Galicia, the Basque region, and Spain. Historians place the Celtic invasions of the British Isles in the Iron Age. Modern geneticists, however, argue that DNA testing of the people from Celtic areas of Europe indicates that the migratory movement possibly began some 6,000 years in the past.

A Baltic or Central Italian most likely origin for R1b1c10 ties into the Scythian Milesian ancestry myths of the Heremonian lineage of Ireland. The Milesian Legends: The Book of the Taking of Ireland recounts an origin of descent from the Scythian King Feinius Farsaid. The commonalities of the people of these areas appear more ancient than historians have predicted.

R1b1c7 Haplogroup M222 SNP aka North West Irish Variety, IMH and R1bSTR19Irish “makes up around 20% of R1b of Irish origin.” “The cluster is about 46% of the age of R1b and is most likely at least 3400 years old based on extremely conservative assumptions.”

R1b1c10 (R1b1b2h*) U152+ or S28+ “appeared sometime during the LGM and was located in the Balkan Refugia. After the retreat of the ice, S28+ individuals traveled north to Germany via the Danube and into Poland.” R1b1c10 “is 89% of the age of R1b. The actual age estimate is 6541 years. In my opinion this is an underestimate and it probably approximates the age of the end of the last ice age” or 10,000-12,000 years, however, the classification of R1b1c3 (M126) and R1b1c5 (M160) within R1b1c10 (S28) may certainly alter the age estimate of R1b1c10.

* Evidence presented at Of the Nolans (Nola): Origins of the Irish and Scottish - Corca Luighe (Corca Laoidhe) and Dál Riada (Dál Riata) - R1b1b2h* (R1b1c10) - DYS #385a and 385b at 11 and 17: A Corca Luighe (Corca Laoidhe) Ossory (Osraighe) and Dál Riada (Dál Riata) Uladh Haplotype in Co. Donegal, Ulster, Ireland, 1600s is suggestive of an origin from the Central Italian Refugium, depending on its relative age, however, the Balkans Refugium cannot be discounted.

Reading and comparing results: Y-DNA.

"Y DNA matches with others of different surnames are most likely a result of being related prior to the adoption of surnames." These different surname matches usually occur within the 12 marker test, because "the time frame for relatedness for 12 markers is much longer than the time frame for 37 and 67 markers."

Facts & Genes from Family Tree DNA: Understanding Your Results - Matching Other Surnames.

"For Y DNA test results, matches with other Surnames can occur. These matches are the result of one of the following events: 1. You share a common ancestor before the establishment of surnames; 2. Convergence: where both participant's result mutated and now match; 3. An adoption; 4. An extramarital event; and 5. A branch of the family adopted a different surname.

Matches with other surnames are typically more prevalent with those who are Haplogroup R1b. Most likely, when you match some one with a different surname, you share a common ancestor before the establishment of surnames or convergence occurred."

Could your family be related to a 5th century warlord, Niall of the Nine Hostages?

Matching Niall Nóigiallach - Niall of the Nine Hostages*.

*Nolan Y-DNA test results indicating a match with Niall of the Nine Hostages and the Ui Neill are indicative of these septs having an ancient (MRCA) most recent common ancestor: Cobhtach, Caol mBreagh, eldest son of Ugaine Mor, 66th. Milesian Monarch of Ireland.

O'Nolan: The History of a People, 2.

"By right of their descent from Cobhtach, Caol mBreagh, eldest son of Ugaine Mor, 66th. Milesian Monarch of Ireland, A. M. 4567, the O'Nolan's are the senior Sept of the Heremonian line in Leinster. The O'Neils and O'Donnels of the North and the O'Connors of the West trace their genealogical line to Cobhtach, but all Leinster septs, O'Nolan excepted, derive their descent from Laeghaire Lorc, second son of Ugaine Mor."

Could your family be related to King Colla Uais - Father of the Clans?

King Colla Uais - Father of the Clans.

Could your family be related to Somerled of Argyll - The Norse Scot foe of the Vikings?

Somerled of Argyll - Haplogroup R1a.

Lineage I - Shangarry, Carlow Clan O'Nolan

Conclusions:

Primary: Nolan Y-DNA test results indicating a match with Niall of the Nine Hostages and the Ui Neill are indicative of these septs having an ancient (MRCA) most recent common ancestor: Cobhtach, Caol mBreagh, 69th Milesian Monarch of Ireland, eldest son of Ugaine Mor, 66th Milesian Monarch of Ireland. The families of N-5, N-6, N-7, N-11, N-16, N-22, N-29, and N-36 share a common ancestor through Carlow Clan O'Nolan. N-1, N-6, N-11, N-16, N-21, N-22, N-26, and N-36 match the same 12-marker haplotype of 13, 25, 14, 11, 11, 13, 12, 12, 12, 13, 14, and 29. This ancient 12-marker haplotype represents Carlow Clan O’Nolan. N-5, N-7, N-18, and N-29 mismatch by one mutation from the thoroughly researched Shangarry, Carlow Clan O'Nolan 12-marker haplotype lineage and it is, therefore, evident that N-1, N-18, N-21, and N-26 have an ancient connection to Shangarry, Carlow Clan O'Nolan representing the second and third branch of Carlow Clan O'Nolan.

N-11 matched either 35 or 36 of 37 markers giving a genetic distance of one or two. A tight familial relationship is present with a genetic distance of one. Very few people achieve that close level of a DNA match. N-5 and N-7 show a genetic distance of two meaning that they are probably related to N-6. The Family Tree DNA page Interpreting Genetic Distance - 25 Markers explains that they "share the same surname (or a variant) with another male and you mismatch by two 'point' ... from the 25 markers we tested. For most closely related and same surnamed individuals, the mismatch markers are usually either DYS 439 or DYS 385a, 385b, 389-1 and 389-2 from our first panel of 12 markers, and on the following from the second panel: DYS #'s 458 459a 459b 449, 464 a-d, which have shown themselves to move most rapidly. The probability of a close relationship is good; however your results show mutations, and therefore more time between you and the other same surnamed person."

It is likely that Daniel Nowlan of this lineage group was the Daniel Nolane of Kellstown, Carlow Co. Ireland transplanted in 1653-54. He would have been a descendant of Hugh O'Nolan from Shangarry. Hugh may in fact be the Hugh Roo who was pardoned for aiding and abetting a robbery in 1552.

N-11 and N-36 share a common great grandfather: John W. Nowlin or Nolen born 1769 dying 9 January 1855 in Franklin Co. Virginia. John Nowlin married Mary Thomas, born 1784 in Henry Co. Virginia dying 31 December 1872 in Franklin Co. Virginia. They had six children: Lucinda, Judith, Charles, Alexander, Wilson, and Pleasant. N-11 "can trace his ancestry with great precision and reliability to John Nowlin (1770-1851?), buried in Patrick Co. Virginia. We believe (but cannot document with sufficient reliability to be sure) that his father was James Nowlin, who lived in Pittsylvania County and that his grandmother had lived in Buckingham County. We believe we are descended from James Nowlan (one of three brothers who landed in Jamestown in the year 1700 as indentured servants). We believe that their father had sided with the losing side in the rising against William and Mary in the late 1680s, and so lost their land—so the sons had to indenture themselves to pay their passage to North America."

Other participants do not share a recent common ancestor with Nolan Lineage I at least since surnames began in Ireland around the year 1,000 A. D. Some participants do, however, share a deep ancestry with them from tens of thousands of years ago through Haplogroup R1b1. N-22 exhibits the distinctive Haplogroup R1b1c7: the Northwest Irish variety of Y-DNA Haplogroup R. R1b1c7 is distinctively clustered in Northwest Ireland and parts of Scotland.

Discussion:

26 April 2007

“In reviewing the set of test results that we have so far I believe that the number of test results with a Shangarry connection may be attributable to the fact that there have been more tests done for American Nolan descendants many of whom trace their ancestry back to the early 1700s and "James Nowlin of Virginia". Given that the Shangarry Nolan’s were in America very early they would have had many descendants already there when the next major influx of Nolan’s occurred i.e. early to mid-1800s.”

“From my understanding of Carlow history and the role Nolan’s played there I do not see that the "Shangarry" name and townland extends further back than the 1500s. Prior to that time, the main centres of Nolan presence were in what became known as the "Barony of Forth" in County Carlow (e.g. Tullow, where Nolan chiefs are believed to have resided prior to the coming of Strongbow (Fitzgerald) and Raymond Le Gros (Grace); Kellistown, where the Nolan chief resided in the mid 1500s; Ballon Hill, where Nolan’s have been buried since time immemorial; area of Templepeter cemetery, the site of an 11th century church and burial ground for many Nolan’s dating back to the 1600s and earlier).

The Shangarry townland was further south than the traditional Nolan lands and seems to have only emerged as a Nolan centre in the late 1500s when Nolan rebels favoured this area because of its more defensible nature (higher ground, more woods, etc.). In my opinion it is an example of Nolan’s gradually resettling further away from their ancestral lands.”

Roger Nowlan

Nolan Clan Member and Former Clan Secretary

rnowlan@primus.ca

Lineage II - Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O'Nolan: Connaught.

Conclusions:

Old Irish Kingdoms and Clans

Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O'Nolan: Connaught, R1b1c10, according to the following is a pre-Milesian Corca Luighe (Corca Laoidhe or Corca Loigde) sept; however, any speculation as to Irish arrival prior to the Iron Age is unproven.

"The Corca Luighe were a pre-Milesian race and the name Luighe was common among their early chiefs. One of those, Lughaidh Mac Con was Monarch of Ireland. According to the Book of Ballymote, Corca Luighe extended from Beann Finn westward to Tragumina and Lough Ine and from Beal Atha Buidhe to Tragh Claen at the rock. Each tuath of Corca Luighe was governed by a taoiseach and beneath him were the hereditary leaders. Tuatha O Fitcheallaigh and O Dunghalaigh merged in Clonakilty. O'Fehilly and O'Dunlea were the taoiseacha. Oglaigh or Leaders are represented by names which still survive, i.e. Duggan, Keady, Eady, Anglin, Kennedy, Cagney, Hennessy, Leary, Dineen, Cronin, Hayes or O'Hea, Murray, Dulea, Coffey, Cowhig, Cullinane, Downey, Lahiffe, Shinnick, Deady and Muintir Oh Illigh or Hill. The O'Driscolls were the ruling race."

Primary: Edward MacLysaght, first Chief Herald of Ireland, writing several books on Irish family history and heraldry, in his book, Irish Families, would take exception to the use of the term “clan” to describe these “septs” or groups of O’Nolan’s. He notes that Ireland did not have a true clan system like that which developed in Scotland; however, modern DNA evidence is separating the various septs or groups of O'Nolan’s living in the same vicinity into distinguishable family groups, lineages or clans. An explanatory note concerning Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O’Nolan is warranted at this point, there may or may not be at least three distinct genealogical branches or lineages of Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O’Nolan: Connaught, Ossory, and Tipperary; 1. Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O’Nolan that moved into the Connacht counties of Galway and Mayo with the Barrett family in the 12th or early 13th century; 2. Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O’Nolan which stayed in Co. Kilkenny (Ossory) after the 12th century; and 3. Tipperary Clan O’Nolan which may or may not have developed in conjunction with Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O'Nolan with a split disseminating into Co. Tipperary Clan O’Nolan somewhere between the 5th and 12th century in (Ossory) Osraighe. At present, the Connacht branch of Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O’Nolan is the only one that has attained the status of a distinct lineage due to a limited number of Nolan surnamed DNA participants, and it is possibly the result of an illegitimate hereditary relationship, an adoption, or a branch of a family using a different surname.

Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O’Nolan has the classification of Haplogroup R1b1c10 meaning that it falls within ten percent of the Western European male population. Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O'Nolan appears to be in the King Colla Uais and R1bSTR43 cluster. The R1bSTR43 cluster identified as having originated in the British Isles some 2,000-3,000 years before the Common Era arrived in the British Isles probably from the Iberian Peninsula or Spain 7,000-10,000 years in the past. Stephen Colson suggests that one R1bSTR43 cluster may have spent a considerable amount of time in Ireland tracing some sub-clusters into Scotland and eventually England. A close match with the King Colla Uais (Dalriadic) modal haplotype is also suggestive of a close ancestral relationship for Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O'Nolan and Khaki Group 01 of the Windham Family DNA Project to the inhabitants of Ireland and Scotland. King Colla Uais seized Ulster taking his followers to Scotland circa the year 325 of the Common Era becoming the founding lineages for the Scottish Dalriadic kingdom.

Research into a distinct cluster of R1b1c10 (R1b1b2h) at DYS #385a and 385b at 11 and 17 leads to either a Central European or Eastern European origin for this Corca Laoighdhe sept. The Scythians of Eastern European origin migrated to Central Europe, France, and Spain then into Ireland as depicted in the DNA Analysis of R1b1c10 by Gary Felix of a Baltic and Eastern European most likely origin for R1b1c10, which ties into the Scythian Milesian ancestry myths of the Heremonian lineage of Ireland. DYS #492 at 14 exhibits itself in Central Europe or Latvia. It is not an English marker.

GENEALOGY-DNA-L Archives

16 July 2007

"Historically most of the migrations of Central European Celts has been south (documented from about 400 BC) from Gaul, Bavaria and Baden to Cisalpine Italy. At present it would appear that DYS492=14 is an indicator of northern Alpine ancestry. It is interesting that despite the sample sizes (large numbers of British relative to Continental Europeans having tested) there is not a single English S28 with DYS492=14."

This research also points to the Ulster Ireland counties of Donegal and Tyrone, which the Vennicnii and the Rhobogdii tribes anciently occupied. Obviously, this haplotype might also have entered Ancient Uladh, Kingdom of Ulster.

The families of N-3, N-4, and N-30 with earliest known ancestor Michael O'Nolan of Galway, 1473 share a common lineage through Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O'Nolan. N-4 and N-30 are brothers of the same mother and father, but mutations at DYS #389-2 and 464c for N-4 with a genetic distance of two at the 25-marker level compared to N-30 leaves N-30 with a more precise genetic match with N-3 and 9ZZVM - Windham at the 25-marker level than with N-4. A documented ancestral relationship between N-3, N-4, and N-30 is located at 1,000 Years of O'Nolan History through Hardin Nolen of Lauderdale Co. Alabama.

John Alexander Nolen, brother to Lewis Riley Nolen, James Green Nolen, Ferdinand A. (Howard) Nolen, and William A. Nolen, is the first great grandfather of N-3. Hardin Nolen of Lauderdale Co. AL who married Cynthia Vickers on 15 May 1845 is the second great grandfather of N-3, and Hardin Nolen of Lauderdale Co. AL who married Cynthia Vickers on 15 May 1845 is the third great grandfather of N-4 and N-30. N-3 matches N-4 in 23 of 25 markers with a genetic distance of two. This result is conclusive in determining a 99% probability of a common ancestor within a genealogical time period. The paper trail (genealogical documentation) for N-3 and N-4 has also been conclusive in determining their most recent common ancestor (MRCA) Hardin Nolen of Lauderdale Co. Alabama who married Cynthia Vickers on 15 May 1845.

A match at the 12 marker level for N-4 with the Hagan surname gives credence to a possible relationship between Offaly - Kilkenny Clan O'Nolan, Tipperary Clan O'Nolan, and the Crioch Cian.

Kingdom of Thomond - Munster Series.

"O'Hogan, chief of Crioch Cian, about Lower Ormond, in Tipperary. Notes: Crioch Chein (O'Hogan or O'Hegan), is described as one of the tuaths under Eile O'Carroll by O'Heerin (Topo. Poems). Ardcrony, 4 1/2 miles north of Nenagh, was the site of a ruined castle and church built by the O'Hogans."

DNA evidence of N-3 and Kit #18393 from the Windham Family DNA Project match 25 of 25 markers, N-4 and Kit #56134 from the Windham Family DNA Project match 33 of 37 markers, and N-4 and Kit #18393 match 61-62 of 67 markers with a mismatch of 5 as shown by FTDNA, which gives a high probability of a common ancestor through an extramarital event, non-paternity event or adoption based on the following information:

1. Edward MacLysaght established that the Mac Suibhne, O'Mulgeehy, O Maolghaoithe, McSwyne, Sweeney family of Ireland became Wynne or Windham.

2. The 25 marker match between N-3 and Kit #18393 from the Windham Family DNA Project, the 33 of 37 Y-DNA marker match between N-4 and Kit #56134 from the Windham Family DNA Project, and the 62 of 67 marker match between N-4 and Kit #18393 from the Windham Family DNA Project have five possible points of occurrence: 1. The gallowglass (foreign mercenary) family of Mac Suibhne of Scotland are in the Province of Connaught Ireland circa 1400 and the Nolan‘s of Galway Province of Connaught) erect a tomb in the center of the Franciscan Friary churchyard in Galway, 1394; 2. In 1574, both families owned castles in Co. Galway, Ireland and would have socialized together; 3. Each represents Herenagh Families of Donegal Co. Ireland. Herenagh meaning land typically converted into donated church property; 4. The list of individuals in Co. Sligo that were evicted by Cromwell includes John Nolan of Iskerowen, Edmond and Milmory McSwine of Ardneglas, and 5. Each family was represented in the early history of Isle of Wight Co. Virginia.

Windham F