Results
Notes for Understanding Results Table
Y DNA STR Results
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--- Basic Explanation Haplogroup is a classification that divides all man-kind into deep ancestral groups based on changes in very stable points on the Y-chromosome called SNPs. These changes occur very slowly (on the order of 10,000s of years) and are useful in tracking long-term human migration - similar to mitochondria (mtDNA) in women. The nomenclature of the Haplogroups is an evolving science but you can see a phylogenetic tree or a breakout of the R1b subtree for more information. As specific markers are identified for subgroups, sub-haplogroups are being defined by standards bodies. e.g. Haplogroups R1b, R1a, and R1b1 are all subgroups under Haplogroup R. DYS # are the reference numbers for markers of repeating patterns of alleles on the Y-chromosome. These markers are called STRs and change fairly quickly (estimates vary, but on the order of a few hundred years). Thus the pattern of DYS markers can differentiate members of the same Haplogroup within the timespan represented by surname usage. A specific pattern is called a Haplotype. Individuals with the same haplotype within the same haplogroup would be considered closely related. Each difference between a pair of values would be called Genetic Distance. In a surname project like this one, we would probably say that two individuals were from the same family if they had a genetic distance of 1 or less (i.e. a perfect match) over a 12-marker test. |
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Genetic Distance Example with Niall of the Nine Hostages To illustrate a Haplotype and Genetic Distance, consider some participant Haplotypes compared to that attributed to Niall of the Nine Hostages (known more formally as Northwest Irish modal haplotype): |
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Potential Descent from Niall Niall of the Nine Hostages Maine Mor d. 457 Dallan d. 491 Lugaidh d. 536 Feradach d. 576 Cairbre Crom d. 585 Cormac d. 601 Eoghain Buac d. 625 Anmchadh Forbasach Muniter Lorcain |
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Both PB Larkin and DC Larkin have a genetic distance of 1 from the Niall motif. This indicates that Niall or one of his close relatives is an ancestor. Archival research (The Great Book of Duniry) and traditional genealogy indicate that this descent is from Niall's youngest son, Maine Mor. Because PB and DC have different mutations away from the Niall modal values, this indicates that their paternal lines probably separated in the middle ages. The genetic distance of 3 between BT Larkin and Niall (represented by the highlighted cells where our allele counts differ at DYS 390, 385b, & 439) indicate that BT is a distant cousin from pre-historic Ireland rather than a direct descendant. In fact, a distance of 3 of 12 markers at first seemed so large that we might seem to be from different haplogroups. However, the "Northwest Irish" haplogroup associated with Niall has been identified by a specific SNP marker called M222. This particular SNP marker is found virtually exclusively in persons of Irish ancestry. Estimates vary, but it is believed this ancestor lived about 3,400 years ago. Because BT has had the SNP test and matched M222, we know that he is descended from the ancient Irish line. |
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For results which were in the R1b Haplogroup, I have shown genetic distance between project results as well as with some subtypes identified by John McEwan. Remember, however, that distance between results with fewer than 37 markers can be misleading.
Genetic Distance of R1b Haplogroup Results
ID
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
1
4
5
7
8
9
2
3
6
7
8
9
1
2
5
1
2
5
6
M
C
H
J
B
W
K
D
D
P
M
L
P
T
F
P
R
D
J
A
P
B
J
J
L
B
D
A
J
C
F
T
S
C
A
B
E
J
F
H
L
n
J
T
C
F
P
E
K
L
L
L
L
L
d
L
L
L
L
L
L
a
L
L
L
L
a
a
a
a
L
L
L
L
M
r
L
a
L
L
L
L
M
a
a
a
a
a
r
a
a
a
a
r
r
r
r
a
a
a
a
c
e
a
r
a
a
a
a
c
r
r
r
r
r
k
r
r
r
r
k
k
k
k
r
r
r
r
C
w
r
k
r
r
r
r
C
k
k
k
k
k
i
k
k
k
k
i
i
i
i
k
k
k
k
a
k
i
k
k
k
k
l
i
i
i
i
i
n
i
i
i
i
n
n
n
n
i
i
i
i
r
L
i
n
i
i
i
i
u
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
t
a
n
n
n
n
n
r
s
s
2
1
2
2
3
y
r
I
k
1
3
3
5
2
1
1
3
2
0
1
1
1
3
3
3
k
3
I
3
3
3
2
i
2
1
1
7
7
7
2
2
7
2
7
7
7
3
i
7
7
7
7
7
n
2
2
7
n
3
7
3
2
2
1
L-01 MA Larkin 12
-
5
4
2
5
3
2
5
5
5
6
2
2
3
4
6
4
1
2
2
2
4
2
4
3
5
1
L-03 CJ Larkins 12
5
-
5
3
8
6
5
8
4
6
11
5
3
8
7
9
7
4
5
5
3
5
3
7
6
6
4
L-04 HC Larkins 12
4
5
-
4
5
3
4
7
5
7
10
4
2
7
6
8
4
3
2
3
4
4
4
6
5
7
3
L-05 JF Larkin 37
2
3
4
-
11
9
6
5
5
18
8
7
10
16
4
18
12
14
15
12
12
18
1
10
13
9
13
L-06 BT Larkin 37
5
8
5
11
-
9
6
4
8
15
7
5
6
11
3
11
5
17
16
9
13
19
12
1
6
5
13
L-07 W Larkin 25
3
6
3
9
9
-
5
4
6
8
7
8
9
9
3
10
11
10
9
2
8
9
10
10
10
10
6
L-08 KS Larkin 27
2
5
4
6
6
5
-
5
5
11
8
4
2
9
4
10
6
8
9
6
5
9
7
5
5
7
7
L-10 DC Larkin 12
5
8
7
5
4
4
5
-
8
2
3
3
1
2
1
1
3
4
5
3
5
7
5
3
2
4
4
L-11 DA Larkin 12
5
4
5
5
8
6
5
8
-
6
9
5
4
8
7
9
7
4
5
4
5
5
5
7
6
6
4
L-14 PB Larkin 37
5
6
7
18
15
8
11
2
6
-
5
10
7
9
1
12
16
18
19
12
19
24
19
14
15
8
14
L-15 M Larkin 12
6
11
10
8
7
7
8
3
9
5
-
6
3
3
4
4
6
7
8
5
8
8
8
6
5
7
7
L-17 L Larkin 20
2
5
4
7
5
8
4
3
5
10
6
-
5
8
2
8
4
10
11
6
8
10
8
4
3
4
9
L-18 P Larkin 21
2
3
2
10
6
9
2
1
4
7
3
5
-
7
1
5
7
9
10
4
10
9
11
5
6
8
9
L-19 T Larkin 31
3
8
7
16
11
9
9
2
8
9
3
8
7
-
1
7
12
14
15
10
16
17
17
10
11
12
13
L-22 FE Larkin 12
4
7
6
4
3
3
4
1
7
1
4
2
1
1
-
2
2
3
4
4
4
6
4
2
1
3
3
L-23 PJ Larkin 37
6
9
8
18
11
10
10
1
9
12
4
8
5
7
2
-
12
20
21
12
19
26
19
10
13
9
16
L-26 RF Larkin 37
4
7
4
12
5
11
6
3
7
16
6
4
7
12
2
12
-
18
19
11
14
18
13
4
5
6
14
L-27 DH Larkin 37
1
4
3
14
17
10
8
4
4
18
7
10
9
14
3
20
18
-
1
10
17
21
15
16
15
10
12
L-28 JL McCarty 37
2
5
2
15
16
9
9
5
5
19
8
11
10
15
4
21
19
1
-
9
18
22
16
17
16
11
13
L-29 Andrew Larkin 21
2
5
3
12
9
2
6
3
4
12
5
6
4
10
4
12
11
10
9
-
7
12
13
10
8
5
5
L-31 PJ Larkin 37
2
3
4
12
13
8
5
5
5
19
8
8
10
16
4
19
14
17
18
7
-
17
13
12
11
9
9
L-32 BTLarkin II 37
4
5
4
18
19
9
9
7
5
24
8
10
9
17
6
26
18
21
22
12
17
-
17
18
15
12
12
L-35 JC Larkin 37
2
3
4
1
12
10
7
5
5
19
8
8
11
17
4
19
13
15
16
13
13
17
-
11
14
10
14
L-41 JF Larkin 37
4
7
6
10
1
10
5
3
7
14
6
4
5
10
2
10
4
16
17
10
12
18
11
-
5
4
12
L-42 LP Larkin 37
3
6
5
13
6
10
5
2
6
15
5
3
6
11
1
13
5
15
16
8
11
15
14
5
-
4
11
L-45 BE Larkin 27
5
6
7
9
5
10
7
4
6
8
7
4
8
12
3
9
6
10
11
5
9
12
10
4
4
-
10
L-46 DK McClurkin 32
1
4
3
13
13
6
7
4
4
14
7
9
9
13
3
16
14
12
13
5
9
12
14
12
11
10
-
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| Comments on Results To Date
In the genetic distance chart above, you will see that many of the Larkin's who have tested are most closely matched the Northwest Irish haplotype. While we still need a lot more Larkin particpants, the project continues to grow, we see a clear clustering on the Irish lines. In July 2006 we identified our first R1a haplogroup member (L9). From the genealogy accompanying this sample, this line came from England. In late 2008, this sample has now been matched by another Larkin with origins in England (L-XXX) and seems likely to form a new cluster as future results come in. In January 2007 we welcomed our first African-American member of the E haplogroup (L-XX). This participant is understood to be a paternal cousin of famous American baseball player, Barry Larkin (clade E1b1a, formerly E3a). In November 2007, the Haplogroup I line (L-X3) was identified as the I1b2 (formerly I1c) clade based on SNP testing. This clade is most concentrated in northern Germany. January 2008 results for sample L-XX7 whose lineage traces back to colonial New England are consistent over 12 markers with sample L-5 whose genealogy also goes back to that area. However, comparing the additional 25 markers strongly suggests that these two men do not descend from the same Larkin colonial. What L-XX7 did match (36/37), however, was a man named McCarty who realized that an 19th century ancestor changes his name from Larkin to McCarty. Thus, DNA testing has produced a definite connection for these two men. In March 2009, we did, however, find a 31/31 match for sample L-5, this one from a known descendant of John Durant Larkin, founder of the famous Larkin Soap Company of Buffalo, New York. In April 2009, we launched a study on Ancestral Parish Sampling to try to link DNA results to specific geographies in the British Isles. In this study, we use parish-level historical records to find parishes with a continuity of Larkin families from the 1840s to today. Then we seek DNA samples from individuals living in those parishes today. The first installment of this effort garnered 6 participants from the North Tipperary area of Ireland. Results from these participants and other native Irish will be collected this summer in conjunction with the Larkin Glan Gathering at Portumna.
by Brad Larkin |
To make a contribution to your project's Group General Fund to help pay for testing for targeted individuals, click here: http://www.familytreedna.com/group-general-fund-contribution.aspx
Notes for understanding results:
- General Info
- The first column is "ID", which is a number assigned to track the individual within the project.
- The second column is the kit number for the test kit from Family Tree DNA.
- The "Name" column is intended to list the "Earliest Known Ancestor", which we prefer, or the initials of the project member if the EKA is not available. To provide your Earliest Known Ancestor, go to your FTDNA Personal Page, click on "User Preferences" to find the space to post this information. We also look at pedigrees provided for the Patriarch Page to find the EKA for project members.. (Some admins will state "Not Provided" when there is no Earliest Known Ancestor
- Haplogroups (abbreviated as "Haplo" in the Results table):
- A Green Haplogroup result was determined by actual testing - with a SNP test (pronounced "snip")
- A Red Haplogroup result has been estimated by FTDNA - using their internal database.
- A Black Haplogroup estimate was determined by some other estimating procedure
- Sometimes, there is no haplogroup estimate - which is shown with a "-". In those cases, FTDNA will (at their expense - and on their own timetable) arrange for a SNP test to determine the haplogroup
- Lineage:
- A Lineage is "declared" when two men are matching 23/25 or better. A "Lineage" is a genetic family who share a "recent" common ancestor. The men in the Lineage "match".
- Results shown together in a color group and assigned to a Lineage share a "recent" common ancestor - generally since the advent of surnames (c1100) and probably in the last 2-400 years - or even less. The common ancestor could be the earliest ancestor on the oldest pedigree or could have lived as little as one generation earlier - or could have lived centuries earlier than any of the known ancestors.
- The coloration of a Lineage is simply to show matching. A specific color has no meaning - other than showing the match.
- Mutations:
- Mutations from the typical result (which is probably the haplotype of the common ancestor) are shown in a contrasting color.
- Where the mutation is matching a mutation from another result within the Lineage, the match likely indicates a more recent shared common ancestor (or a "branch" within the Lineage.) - as the two men probably both inherited the mutation from a recent common ancestor.
- Mutations with no match have no significance at this time- but may be useful at some future date.
- For general information on Results
- 437 reads
Group admins
Project Administrators
