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FRAME DNA PROJECT Est. 2006 Enquiries to:
Last Update: 5 Mar 2010 |
FRAME ORIGINS Within the DNA is written not only our histories as individuals, but the whole history of the human race. It is the traveller from an antique land who lives within us all. Bryan Sykes__ THE SEVEN DAUGHTERS OF EVE ___oo0oo___ |
Guild Member No. 5351 Est. 2010 Enquiries to: |
DEEP ANCESTRY
The National Geographic’s Genographic Project has utilised DNA testing to make remarkable inroads into mapping Man’s journey out of Africa. As they made their way from the African savannas some 50,000 years ago to populate other parts of the planet, our ancient ancestors left ‘genetic footprints’ to describe their wanderings. Their story, hidden inside our genome, came perilously close to never being told! According to Dr Spencer Wells, explorer-in-residence with the National Geographic Society and director of the Genographic Project, Homo sapiens can be traced to around 200,000 years ago in the fossil record, but it is extremely difficult to find an archaeological record of our species between 80,000 and 50,000 years ago. Genetic data suggests that the population dwindled to as few as 2,000 individuals. Writing for Vanity Fair in July 2007, Dr Wells highlighted the debt we owe Africa: ‘We are all alive today because of what happened to a small group of hungry Africans around 50,000 years ago,’ he said.
The encroaching Ice Age, perhaps coupled with the eruption of the super-volcano Toba in Sumatra that dried out the tropics, saw Man brought to the brink of extinction. Following this catastrophe, re-population began slowly, first in Africa, then with Man leaving the ancestral homeland. According to Wells, one group took a southern route and populated southern India and Southeast Asia, then Australia. The other group, accounting for ninety percent of the world's non-African population, took a northern route, eventually populating most of Eurasia, North Africa and the Americas. As Dr Wells explained:
‘…Within a couple of thousand years we had reached Australia, walking along the coast of South Asia. A slightly later wave of expansion into the Middle East, around 45,000 years ago, was aided by a brief damp period in the Sahara. Within 15,000 years of the exodus from Africa our species had entered Europe, defeating the Neanderthals in the process. (Neanderthals are distant cousins, not ancestors; our evolutionary lineages have been separate for more than 500,000 years.) We had also populated Asia, learning to live in frigid temperatures not unlike those on the Moon, and around 15,000 years ago we walked across a short-lived, icy land bridge to enter the Americas—the first hominids ever to set foot on the continents of the Western Hemisphere. Along the way we kept adapting to new climates, in some cases we lost our dark tropical skin pigmentation, developed different languages, and generated the complex tapestry of human diversity we see around the world today, from Africa to Iceland to Tierra del Fuego. But the thing that set it all in motion, the thing that saved us from extinction, happened first in Africa. Some anthropologists call it the Great Leap Forward, and it marked the true origin of our species—the time when we started to behave like humans...’ See the complete article written by Dr. Wells: Out of Africa
On the matter of skin pigmentation, Dr Barry Starr of Stanford University was posed the question, 'I understand that lack of sunshine led to Caucasians becoming pale because of lack of vitamin D. But how did it happen?'
See Understanding Genetics for his response.
The Y-chromosome contains two types of ancestral markers: STRs (Short Tandem Repeats) and SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms). STRs trace our recent ancestry and are useful for genealogy purposes. SNP mutations are rare, occurring approximately once every few hundred generations. These are what population geneticists use to map Man’s journey to various geographic regions.
(See National Geographic’s Early Man Migration) To date, Frame DNA Project participants have been assigned to two Y-DNA Haplogroups: R1b1b2 and I1. The 2010 Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree produced by the International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) is viewable Here .
Haplogroup R1b1b2 (R-M269)
Thus far, three men have been assigned to Haplogroup R1b1b2; their surnames are Frame, Frain and Franey. The earliest documented ancestor (b.1741) of the Frame is first found in Ulster County, New York, USA. Family tradition has it that this Frame family were Scottish, although this is not certain. This Frame's ancestors had a strong association with the Dutch. It is known that German and Dutch families surnamed Frame also settled in Ulster County, New York. The earliest known ancestor (EKA) of the Frain participant was Irish. The Freney/Franey EKA was born in St John, Newfoundland, Canada c.1834; his father was said to have been Irish. Whilst a paper trail connection to their families in the British Isles has not been found, their haplogroup designation reveals something of the ancient journey of their direct male line ancestors from Africa to Europe.
R1b1b2 is a subclade of Haplogroup R1b, the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome haplogroup in Western Europe. Haplogroup R1b is estimated to have arisen during the height of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), about 18,500 years ago, most likely in south-western Asia. R1b is defined by the SNP M343 which was discovered in 2004. Most present day European males with the M343 marker also have P25 and M269 which define R1b1b2. R1b’s frequency is highest in Atlantic Europe, and because of European emigration, in North America, South America and Australia. In southern England, the frequency of R1b is around 70%, and in parts of northern and western England, northern Spain, Portugal, France, Wales, Scotland and Ireland, the frequency of R1b is greater than 90%. The R1b1b2 subclade, previously believed to have existed before the last Ice Age, is now seen as being much younger. The revised estimate for R1b1b2 arising is around 5,000 to 8,000 years ago. Further information on R1b1b2 may be found Here. Before arriving in the British Isles, the ancient ancestors of our R1b1b2 men made an epic journey. With appreciation to our chosen testing company, Family Tree DNA, their migration path is shown Here.
Haplogroup I1 (I-M253)
With the exception of the two R1b1b2 men mentioned above, all others in the Frame DNA Project have been assigned to Haplogroup I1, a subclade of Haplogroup I. The Y-DNA haplogroup I is a European haplogroup, representing nearly one-fifth of the population. It is almost non-existent outside of Europe, suggesting that it arose in Europe. Estimates of the age of Haplogroup I suggest that it arose prior to the Last Glacial Maximum. Haplogroup I1 is associated with the SNPs M253, M307, P30 and P40. The highest frequencies of I1-M253 are found in the people of Northern Europe (Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, Finnish, Sami, Estonian, German, Dutch, English, Scottish and Irish), and the Norman French. In Britain, I1-M253 is often used as a marker for the ‘invaders’ - Viking or Anglo-Saxon. Scientists continue to debate the age of haplogroup I1 and where its founder lived. Many believe that it is from 15,000 to 20,000 years old. The Haplogroup I1 specialist, Prof. Ken Nordtvedt, believes the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of I1 lived from 4,000 to 6,000 years ago somewhere in the far northern part of Europe, perhaps Denmark . (See more detailed information on Haplogroup I1 (I-M253) at Wikipedia). Courtesy of Family Tree DNA, a map of the migration of I1-M253 is shown Here.
Part 2
The Attempt to find our Hidden Past
Please Note:
ORGINS research is ongoing, so expect content to change from time to time.
A puzzle is the best way to describe the possibilites relating to the origins of FRAME! When surnames were becoming established, the organisation of which is attributed to the Normans, the derivation generally fell into four groups:
1. Locative Surnames: These derive from a place-name indicating where a man held land, or the name of the place from whence he originally came, or where he currently resided. These often had the ‘de’ preposition i.e. Walter de Fresne or Freigne or Freine.
2. Surnames of Relationship: These are often referred to as Patronymic; meaning they were derived from the father’s given name e.g. William fitz Fram (William son of Fram) or John filius Frame (John son of Frame). Often patronyms end in ‘son’ as in Robertson (Robert’s son).
3. Surnames of Occupation or Office: In the early post-Conquest period, many documents, usually in Latin, refer to the actual holders of office, whether church or state e.g. Abbot, Prior, Dean, and Sergeant etc. Others names are obviously from occupations e.g. ‘Smith’.
4. Nicknames: These names usually describe some characteristic, habit or appearance of the bearer e.g. Fram: OE – meaning ‘bold, strong or vigorous’, or Frem / Fren, meaning 'stranger'.
Of these, we are able to exclude No.3 for FRAME - Surnames of Occupation or Office. Of the others, we have possibilities to explore. Several surname dictionaries concede the etymology of FRAME is uncertain; nevertheless, they usually classify it as a Nickname and offer a plethora of suggestions as to the meaning:
Freumk or Freank: (Gaelic) – root, stem, stock, lineage
Fram: (Norse) – future, forward, ahead etc.
Fram: (Old Eng.) – bold, strong, vigorous or warrior
Ephraim: (Jewish, of Sephardic origin)
Frem or Fren - stranger
Fremde: (Old Eng.) – stranger
This clearly demonstrates that FRAME is a difficult name to research. Be it in the form of the noun, verb or adverb, the word ‘frame’, and the prefix ‘fram’, have numerous connotations, not only in the English language, but others as well.
The following extract illustrates the widespread use of Fram:
FRAM, adv. -- the Icel. has a triple adverbial form, fram, denoting the going to a place (ad locum); frammi, the being in a place (in loco); framan, the going from a place (a loco) -- compar. framarr (mod. framar) or fremr, = Goth. framis; superl. framast (framarst) or fremst: proncd. with a double m = framm; and that such was the case in olden times may be seen from Fms. vi. 385 and Skálda 168, 171. This adv. with its compds and derivatives may be said to have been lost in Germ. as well as Engl., and at a very early time. Even Ulf. uses fram as a prep. in the sense of GREEK, like the A. S. and Engl. from, Swed. från: only in two passages Ulf. uses fram as adv., viz. Rom. xiii. 12, where he renders 'the night is far spent' (nóttin er um liðin of the Icel. N. T.) by framis galeiþan, which recalls to mind the Icel. fram-liðinn = deceased, past; and Mark i. 19, where GREEK is rendered by gaggan framis = Icel. ganga framarr or ganga fram; cp. also the Goth. compds fram-gahts = progress, Philipp. i. 25; fram-aldrs = stricken in years; fram-vigis = Icel. fram-vegis; fram-vairþis = further: in O. H. G. vram = ultra still occurs, but is now lost in Germ. as well as in Engl.: the Icel., on the other hand, makes a clear distinction between the prep. frá (from) and fram, on, forward, = Gr. GREEK, Lat. porro, pro-; in some compds the sense from appears, e.g. framandi, a stranger, -- Ulf. framaþeis, prop. one who is far off or from far off; so also fram-liðinn, gone, past; ganga fram, to die. (Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson, An Icelandic-English Dictionary,1874)
In some forms, it has also been used as a first name, and several place names begin with the Fram prefix.
PERSONAL NAMES AND PLACE NAMES
The Oxford Dictionary of British Place Names [A.D. Mills, 2003, pp.196-197] lists Framfield (E. Sussex); Framingham Earl and Framingham Pigot (Norfolk) and Framlingham (Suffolk); Framsden (Suffolk); Long Framlington (Northumberland) and Frampton (Lincolnshire). Whilst various origins have been assigned to some of these places, Mills associates a man with the personal name ‘Fram’ (Fræna / Fráni / Frane / Frame) with the following:
FRAMSDEN Suffolk: Framesdena 1086 (DB) ‘Valley of a man called Fram’. OE pers. name + denu
FRAMINGHAM EARL and FRAMINGHAM PIGOT – Norfolk: Framingaham 1086 (DB) Framelingham Comitis, Framelingham Picot 1254. ‘Homestead of the family or followers of a man called Fram.’ OE pers. name + inga + hām. Manorial affixes from early possession by the Earl of Norfolk (Latin comitis ‘of the earl’) and by the Picot family.
He described Framlingham, Suffolk thus:
FRAMLINGHAM – Suffolk: Fram(e)lingaham 1086 (DB) ‘Homestead or followers of a man called *‘Framela’ . OE pers. name + inga + hām.
*Elements with an asterisk are postulated or hypothetical forms, i.e. they are words not recorded in independent use or only found in use at a later date.
Francis Blomefield (An Essay towards a Topographical History of the COUNTY OF NORFOLK, Vol.5. 1806, pp.431-432) explained the ancient connection between FRAMINGHAM EARL and FRAMINGHAM PIGOT in Norfolk and FRAMLINGHAM in Suffolk:
‘There are two small villages of this name in Henstede hundred, in the liberty of the Duke of Norfolk; they were both but one at the time of the Conquest, and, was early called Framlingham-Parva, or Little Framlingham, to distinguish it from Framlingham-Magna, or Great-Framlingham in Suffolk, which also belonged to the same family; but when the part which belonged to ULKETEL was granted off by the Bigots to be held for them, that took the name of Framlingham-Picot or Pigot; and the other of Framlingham-Earl, both from their lords, by which name they are known. Mr Le Neve says that the name of Framlingham signifies ‘the seat or abode of the son of Frame, who was a Saxon of great note in these parts…’
Le Neve may have been referring to Osulf fil Frane/Frame, lord of Belvoir and De Plessis - a thegn to Edward the Confessor. The origins of the name FRAMLINGHAM was perceived differently by Robert Hawes and Robert Loder (The History of Framlingham in the County of Suffolk: including Brief Notices of the Masters and Fellows of Pembroke-Hall, Cambridge, from the Foundation of the College to the Present Time, 1798, p.11):
'Thus fell the kingdom of the East-Angles, (whose Arms were Azure, 3 Crowns, Or.) and consequently this strong Castle, fell into the hands of the Danes, and probably from thence, it was called Framlingham, or rather Freindlingham, by the Saxons. For Freindling in their language signifies a Stranger, and Ham, an House; that is to say, An House of Strangers...'
FRAMLAND wapentake in Leicestershire is said to derive from the Scandinavian personal name Fræna and lundr, meaning 'Fræna's grove' – with variants of the name including Frandone, Franelun, Franelund, Franland, Franlund and Framelund. The origins of the personal name Fræna are obscure, but it is interesting to note that there were three prominent individuals with this name in England:
1. Fræna, a Danish Jarl killed at Ashdown in 871
2. Fræna Dux, a Danish noble who subscribed a charter of King Æthelstan in 930
3. Fræna (aka Frane and Fráni) a king's thegn fl/ 983/93 (of Rockingham, Leicestershire) - may have been the father of Osulf fil Frame/Frane. Other men name Frane held land at the Domesday survey.
The only location found specifically named ‘Fræna’ was Fræna, Møre og Romsdal on the west coast of Norway; Møre og Romsdal being an area associated with the legendary Rollo, Malahule of Møre and their clan. It states on the Fræna website that the origin of the name is unclear. It said that Fráni is Old Norse for ‘flashing eyed’, but it can also mean ‘bright, gleaming and shiny’ or ‘small dot’. It may not be impossible that the Scandinavian first names Fræna and Fráni were associated with the Ash tree: ‘Trees have in all countries a strong influence on topographical names, and hence on surnames. Frean, though usually from the Scandinavian name Fræna, is sometimes for Fr. frêne, ash, Lat. fraxinus…’ [Ernest Weekley, Romance of Names, Republished by Kessinger Publishing, 2003, p.141]
Traditionally, FRAME is considered to be Scottish, originating in North Lanarkshire in the 15th century. (Collins Guide to Scots Kith & Kin, New Ed., 2008, p.17). George Black (Surnames of Scotland, 1946 – Rep. 1999, p.278) refrained from attempting to classify the surname and origins; however, he named some early individuals including Adam Frame, the earliest 'Frame' found in Scottish records. This man was Chaplain Sir Adam Frame, a witness in the case of Walter Haliburtone recorded in the Midlothian Protocol Book of James Young (1485-1489). He was also known as Chaplain Sir Adam Frenche or Franche - sixth laird of Thorndykes in Scotland, and thus, a key individual to our research as will be explained later.
Charles Bardsley’s Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames with Special American Instances, [Genealogical Publishing Company, 1901 rep.1996, p.299] grouped FRAME, FREAN and FRAYNE together, classifying it as a Nickname derived from ‘stranger’:
FREAN, FRAYNE, FRAME.
Nick. ‘the frem,’ or ‘fren,’ i.e. ‘the stranger’. ‘Frem, strange, foreign, unknown’: Halliwell. ‘Frenne, a stranger, an aliene, a forraine, a frenne...’
This, and other references demonstrate that the letters ‘m’ and ‘n’ were interchangeable, similarly to the place named Framecourt near St. Pol in France. Linguistic illumination came from the archives of the Framecourt Priory where it was found that the ancient Auchy monks had recorded the name FRAMECOURT with many variations including: Auframecourt, Offremecourt, Offrancourt, Wulfraincourt, Wulfraimcourt, Wulfrancourt, Wulframecourt, Wulfrencourt, and Vulfraimcourt. This clearly demonstrated the spelling flexibility of those far-off days when cultures had collided. No doubt, the custom of letter substitution led to confusion with the FRAME surname etymology, yet when we delete the prefixes and suffixes from the examples of this one name we are left with: FRAME, FREME, FRAN, FRAIN, FRAIM, and FREN – all surnames still seen today. Bishop Gerard’s letter to Jean de Framecourt granting Framecourt a priory in 1084 recorded the name as Vulfraincourt. From these examples, it would seem that the vowels and also the consonants ‘m’ and ‘n’ were interchanged freely. Hence, the following pairs of names might seem to be synonymous: Frain - Fraim; Frane - Frame; Frene – Freme; Fresne – Fresme; Fresnes - Fresmes; Freane – Freame; Freyne – Freyme and Frayne - Frayme. Only by genetic testing will we be able to determine which lines shared a common ancestor. As shown with several of the DNA results we now have at hand, some families will likely be unrelated folk whose ancestors acquired their surnames from various toponymic or topographical sources.
In Chapter III – ‘Freit-Lore and Heroes’ in Landmarks of Scottish Life and Language [William Lytteil, 1877, pp.25-31] - the author claims that Frame meant 'Foreigner':
‘By a similar method of inspection, we find that Danskin means or signifies the Dane; Friskin, the Frisian; Wynning, the warrior; Fleming, the stranger; Frame, the foreigner…’
Certainly, DNA testing has shown that the early ancestors of almost all of the Frame men in the Frame DNA Project were among the ‘Invaders’ – so perhaps being called ‘Strangers’ or ‘Foreigners’ by the inhabitants of the invaded lands might have been reasonable; but was it the 'true' etymology?
DNA revealed that all of the Frame men in the Project except one to date are Haplogroup I1, indicating a Viking or Anglo-Saxon ancestry. All share a common ancestor and close DNA matches pointed to a particular Norman kinship network that included associated families surnamed Fresne, Fresme, Freigne, Franche, Frenche etc., in particular a lineage leading to Chaplain Sir Adam Frame/Frenche, 6th Laird of Thorndykes. In 1166, Walter, Ralf, Thomas and Alvred de Fresne were undertenants of Adam de Port of Mapledurwell (Lewis C. Loyd, The Origins of Some Anglo-Norman Families, 1975, p.44). William, a descendant of Adam de Port of Basing took the St. John surname, and his descendants in the St John DNA Project are a close DNA match with the family of Frame.
Medieval research emanating from the DNA results has led to the opinion that a large tribe of Haplogroup I1 families who became known by the anglicized form FRAME likely had it origins in the canton of Pavilly near Rouen, France. This was the site of a monastery associated with Saint Framechilde (Framechildis), also known as Saint Franc(hilde) or Frame(hilde), a 7th century Frankish princess. This monastery gave rise to the nearby settlement of Freschenes. Researcher Michael Stanhope found that the family line stemming from Freschenes leads to the family of Chaplain Sir Adam Frame/Frenche (fl.1485) who are found very early in Herefordshire and later in Scotland.
The true etymology of the Frame surname, based on the historical location from which the ancestors of Adam Frame/Frenche emerged, appears to rest with the significant fact that Frame and Franc are synonymous. The Franks or Frankish people (Lat. Franci or gens Francorum) from whom Saint Framechilde descended, were a West Germanic tribal confederation first attested in the 3rd century as living north and east of the Lower Rhine (See Franks). It appears that the surname was derived from having an ancestral association to the ancient settlement called Freschenes which was originally settled by the Franci or ‘free men’.
Researcher Michael Stanhope states:
'The surname Frame, at least the one associated with Sir Adam Frame alias Frenche or Franche, can be traced to the canton of Pavilly, situated near Rouen, were Osbern de Freschenes was tenant in the latter half of the tenth-century. This was the site of a famous monastery associated with Saint Frame[childe] alias Franc[hilde], a seventh-century Frankish princess. The first element of the name, whether given with an interchangeable ‘n’ or ‘m’, referred to the Germanic origin of the Saint; the second element probably meaning noble.
The monastery gave rise to the nearby settlement of Freschenes, which derived its name from the same root as that of the Saint, for, by substituting the word chênes for the personal element of the name, we have Franchenes, or simlar, from which, in the tongue of the time, as different from present French as is present English from Chaucer, would have been similar to Fre[yn]sheens; hence the derivative Fresheens, thus Freschenes, further contracted to Fresnes, this latter form being interpreted as pertaining to the ash tree. The termination chênes could have referred specifically to oaks, but is more likely to have been used in the general sense [arbor] to indicate "a wooded settlement of the Franks."
Etymologists such as Förstemann interpreted the derivative as a Frisian settlement, specifically the abode of someone named Frisco, yet such a view lacks the historical context in which the name developed. Franche and Framche would have had the same conotation, both meaning "free" - as in Franci [free men] from whom Saint Framehilde descended. This is not to say that all those called Fresne or French, as examples, had origins in Pavilly, or that these names did not exist other than as a contraction of another, yet in the specific case of the ancestors of Sir Adam Frame, that they were otherwise known as Fresne [or Freynsh, Frenshe, Freinche, Frainche] was a result of ancient connections to a site associated with the Franks. I give this example - In 1348, John Freyne, the son and heir of "John Freigne," became seized of Moccas, Marden, etc., as on his father's recent decease. At the last period, a Robert Frensh was seized of other lands in Herefordshire, on whose decease, in 1370, the custody of his estate was committed in wardship, "durante minoritate heredis." Antiquaries wrongly thought that this record was one of the many that evinced the transition from Freyne to French, whereas, in fact, the contraction Freyne and its like had always been Freynshe and its like.'
To view Michael Stanhope’s comprehensive research notes on Frame Origins, along with information on peripheral family associations, please see: FRAME FAMILY ORIGINS
FRAME AND FRANCE - IDENTICAL ARMS
It is evident that there is another puzzle with coats of arms, since it was noted that three references show identical Arms for the surnames FRAME and FRANCE.
Image courtesy of Alison Rienks
Despite the discovery that 'Frame' and 'Franc' can be synonymous, it appears to be at odds with the rules of Heraldry that the earliest arms of FRAME (British Herald, 1830) and a set for FRANCE found in the 1884 edition of Burke's General Armory would be identical. Possibly, one explanation might be that 'm' and 'nc' have been mis-transcribed from ancient script.
The three references are:
1. FRAME: Thomas Robson, The British Herald, 1830, p.461
‘ar. on a chief gu. three lions ramp. or. – Crest, on a mount an ermine ppr.’
2. FRAME: John Burke, Sir Bernard Burke, Encyclopaedia of Heraldry: or General Armory of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1844, p.374
‘ar. on a chief gu. three lions ramp. or. – Crest, on a mount an ermine ppr.’
3. FRANCE: Sir Bernard Burke, Burke’s General Armory, 1884, p.374
‘ar. on a chief gu. three lions ramp. or. – Crest, on a mount vert an ermine ppr.’
In Burkes 1884 edition, they also added the tincture 'vert' (green) to the crest. The crest is identical to that of the family Armine of Osgodby, Co. Lincoln.
The motto on the arms illustrated is: Floret qui vigilat - 'He prospers who watches'
Historian, Michael Stanhope has been instrumental in the quest to uncover the misty origins of the family of FRAME. Research has shown that along the way, family branches have been variously known as Frescheses, Fresnel, Fresne , Fresme, Fresnes (France), Francey, ffranche, Frenche (French) etc., long before a very large tribe became known by the anglicized form: FRAME.
Michael Stanhope is not a DNA aficionado; thus, his efforts to uncover the ancient ancestry of the family are based on the traditional research disciplines of his area of Academia. He said, ‘I am not aware of how DNA analysis may or may not validate the written records of the Fresnels, as such as they are, yet, as explained, this may not be relevant, and if such analysis does support in any way what is written then this would be a fortunate event, reflecting an 'open' genealogical record.’
Thus, the Frame DNA Project has sought to identify when possible, pertinent DNA matches with surnames that support Michael Stanhope's medieval research. The Frame DNA Project sincerely appreciates the generosity of Michael Stanhope for contributing his time and valuable expertise in linguistics and medieval history to help uncover the previously unknown journey of our clan. Likewise, the Frame DNA Project is grateful to Michael Harris and other members of the Crispin Cousins research forum for their contributions and interest.
To view Michael Stanhope’s comprehensive research notes on Frame Origins, along with information on peripheral family associations, please see: FRAME FAMILY ORIGINS
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