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Haplogroups

One way to think about haplogroups is as major branches on the family tree of Homo Sapiens. These haplogroup branches characterize the early migrations of population groups. As a result, haplogroups are usually associated with a geographic region. Haplogroup results in green on the chart have received a series of tests called "Deep Clade tests" which go deeper into different Haplogroups. The Haplogroup tests in red on the chart are predictions. The I1a haplogroup and R1b1 haplogroup are not related for over 10,000 years.

I1a The I1a lineage likely has its roots in northern France. Today it is found most frequently within Viking / Scandinavian populations in northwest Europe and has since spread down into Central and Eastern Europe, where it is found at low frequencies.

Deep Ancestry Genographic Project by Spencer Wells P213-214 I1a: Some 20,000 years ago this group, like many Europeans, sought refuge from the massive sheets of ice that covered much of the continent during the last ice age. They found temperate ice-free refugia on the Iberian Peninsula. While this ancestral lineage was geographically isolated, the distinctive genetic marker M253 appeared in one of the male members. As the Earth warmed and the glacial maximum passed, some 15,000 years ago the refugia's dwellers left the peninsula and began to repopulate other parts of Europe. They carried with them the unique genetic marker that defines haplogroup I1a. Today this marker is still commonly found throughout northwest Europe Because of its high frequency in western Scandinavia, it is likely that many Vikings descended from this line. The Viking raids on the British Isles might help to explain the dispersal of this lineage there as well.

R1b1 Haplogroup R1b1 is the most common haplogroup in European populations. It is believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans re-colonized after the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype.

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